Onus

The taxpayer, which was acknowledged by the ARQ to be engaged in SR&ED, had claimed percentages (ranging from 15% to 75%) of the salaries incurred during its 2011 and 2012 taxation years for various management and supervisory employees as being the times that they were directly supervising the prosecution of SR&ED within the meaning of the Quebec equivalent of Reg. 2900(2)(b). These same percentages had been used for the managers and supervisors since 2006.

Before dismissing the taxpayer’s appeal of the full denial of taxpayer’s related claims, the Court of Appeal stated (at para. 20):

The only evidence the appellant submitted was a table in which it listed the names of the employees in the two groups and attributed to each of them a percentage of the total time it stated had been spent on the SR&ED projects. Other than this table, the appellant did not file supporting documents regarding the percentages set out therein, be they time sheets, SR&ED progress reports, correspondence, minutes of meetings, internal notes or emails related to these tasks, nor did it … call any of the employees from these two groups as witnesses to support these percentages … .

The Court found no reviewable error in the finding below that the taxpayer had thus failed to “demolish” the ARQ assessments by making out a prima facie case, that the ARQ’s premise — of the taxpayer not having shown that the reported portions of each employee’s salary could reasonably be attributed to the prosecution of SR&ED — was false.

Before stating (at para. 153) that “CRA investigators blatantly breached their Charter rights on multiple occasions” and “this Court [should] clearly impose consequences in the form of section 24 remedies to avoid Canadians losing faith in their Canadian justice system’s commitment and obligation to ensure that our shared tax burden is both lawfully shared by taxpayers, and lawfully administered and collected by our revenue authorities… .” and also excluding much of the evidence that CRA had collected from any use in the taxpayer’s trial pursuant to s. 24(2) of the Charter, Boyle J stated (at para. 145):

I also find it appropriate that the respondent’s assumptions of fact when reassessing set out in its reply not have the benefit of being presumed to be correct and to subject the taxpayer to an initial burden to demolish them on a prima facie basis, to the extent that Hickman Motors principle remains.

The appellant, a real estate brokerage firm, determined (based on agreement between its two employees) that the remuneration paid to them would be allocated as to $165,000 and $192,000 to Mrs. and Mr. Sutton, respectively. CRA noted that all but $12,675 of such remuneration had been deposited into the bank account of Mr. Sutton, considered that all of such deposits to his account were remuneration received by him, and imposed a late source-deductions remittance penalty under s. 227(9) on the appellant regarding its computed under-remittance.

Gagnon J found that Mrs. Sutton had constructively received at least a portion of the funds deposited into her husband’s account, so that the CRA penalty amount was not accurate. He further noted (at para. 10) that “the Crown bears the onus for the penalty.” In reversing the penalty, Gagnon J stated (at para. 28):

The role of the Court is to determine whether the penalty was either validly imposed or not. …. And adjusting the quantum of a given penalty would be beyond the jurisdiction of this Court. On that basis, it is determined that the evidence in the present case does not support that the conditions to levy the penalty as determined by the Minister have been established. In fact, the remuneration received by the employees and used by the Minister to assess the penalty is incorrect and necessarily results in an erroneous penalty.

Two months after their marriage, the taxpayer received (on January 8, 1993) from her husband (“CC”) the transfer of a property valued in excess of his subsequently assessed tax liabilities for various taxation years including his 1988 year. CRA alleged that it received a timely waiver by CC for his 1988 year.

Owen J stated (at para. 108):

A statute-barred issue in respect of which the Minister asserts that a reassessment is not null and void places a burden of proof on the Minister while a correctness issue places a burden of proof on the taxpayer.

He then found that the Minister had not met this burden with evidence of a CRA employee that an unstamped signed waiver was included in the taxpayer’s physical file along with a time-stamped letter on behalf of the taxpayer that was not established to have been attached in front of the waiver.

The corporate taxpayers were alleged by the Minister to have used “zapping” software to delete a portion of the sales recorded in their sales records, with such sales not being reported by them for ITA and ETA purposes, and the proceeds appropriated by their shareholder, the individual taxpayer. The taxpayers argued that the CRA program (the “Algorithm”) used to identify missing line items in the raw point-of-sale data was exclusively and peculiarly within the knowledge of the Minister, and that the Court should grant their motion to strike the portions of the Respondent’s reply that were assumptions regarding the Algorithm: without relief, the taxpayers claimed that they would be forced to incur substantial costs to disprove the Algorithm.

Before dismissing the motion, Bocock J stated (at para. 44):

The Appellants will produce their evidence at trial that will or will not discharge their burden of proof against the set piece of assumptions made by the Minister. The striking of assumptions derived from unpresented evidence and conclusions with which the Appellant on record disagrees or disputes is a premature and inappropriate determination for a motions judge to make.

Before so concluding, he indicated (at para. 33, 43) that CRA’s use of the Algorithm did not change the usual burden of proof that would be faced by the taxpayers at trial, stating:

The Respondent … rightfully argues that “[w]hile the Algorithm (i.e. process) used by the Minister to estimate some of the suppressed transactions is within the Respondent’s knowledge, the Appellants should know and be able to prove their actual revenues and net income.”

… The Appellants are under no obligation to prove that the ECAS Algorithm is deficient or unreliable. Rather, their burden of proof will be discharged by disproving the Minister’s core assumed facts through the presentation of evidence at trial to substantiate, on balance, what were the correct sales, revenue and reportable income. … [I]f convincing enough to meet the standard of proof threshold, that evidence demolishes the Minister’s core assumed facts.

The taxpayer financed its inventory of used automobiles held for resale through unsecured loans from the family Holdcos that were its shareholders. When the ARQ reviewed the deductibility of the loan interest of 10% p.a., the taxpayer provided a very brief letter from Desjardins stating that for an unsecured “cash flow” loan the interest rate in 2015 would fall in the range of 9% to 12%, and then a more detailed letter from its accountants (Deloitte) that, based on Moody’s metrics, concluded that an interest rate for such loans should fall in the range of 7.89% to 12.39%. The ARQ reassessed to deny the claimed interest in excess of 7.89%, having regard to the Quebec equivalent of ITA s. 67 (TA s. 420).

Before reversing the decision below to confirm these reassessments, the Court of Appeal stated (at paras. 13, 23, TaxInterpretations translation):

The appellant was not required to make out a prima facie case that the 7.89% rate was unreasonable but, rather, that the assumption, on which the respondent relied in assessing it, that the 10% interest rate deducted from its income for the taxation years in issue was not "reasonable in the circumstances," … was prima facie … unsound. …

In these circumstances where the judge erred in law by imposing an incorrect burden of proof on the appellant, it is open to the Court, this time applying the correct standard of proof, to draw its own conclusions from the evidence [citing Ludco, at para. 34].

Since the 10% rate actually used fell within what the above evidence indicated was a reasonable range, such a prima facie case had been established – so that the onus shifted to the ARQ, which had “failed to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the 10% interest rate was unreasonable within the meaning of TA section 420.”

The taxpayers, after their subsidiaries realized capital gains liabilities from the sale of a farm (held through partnerships), sold those subsidiaries to a third party at a price that reflected the assumption of WTC that it would be able to eliminate such capital gains tax liability. It emerged much later that WTC’s plan was simply to make CCA claims on software transferred post-closing into the purchased subsidiaries - which Owen J found did not satisfy the income - producing purpose test in Reg. 1102(1)(c). Regarding the purported onus on the taxpayer to displace the assumptions made by the Minister as to the tax planning of WTC, he stated (at paras. 258, 260-261):

With respect to the assessment of the Appellants under subsection 160(2), the foregoing analysis establishes that since the Appellants are appealing the correctness of assessments under subsection 160(2), the burden of proof falls on the Appellants. …

Unlike in Transocean, in my view, it would be patently unfair to the Appellants if the Minister could assume facts in support of the post-sale tax liability of the subsidiaries when the Appellants cannot reasonably be expected to know those facts.

The Respondent submits that the Appellants could have asked for the 2006 T2 tax returns of the subsidiaries. While it is the case that under the terms of the share put agreement the Appellants could request a copy of the 2006 T2 income tax returns of the subsidiaries, the tax returns would not have provided any information to the Appellants about the transactions that gave rise to the capital cost allowance claimed in those tax returns and the Appellants had no right or reason to obtain that information. Consequently, this is a case in which fairness dictates that the Minister not be allowed to rely on assumptions of fact to prove the post-sale tax liability of the subsidiaries. Accordingly, I will assess that tax liability of the subsidiaries based solely on the evidence on the record.

After finding that the taxpayer’s acquisition of master recordings included the acquisition of significant intangible rights (including the right to reproduce the masters under s. 18 of the Copyright Act) Schrager JA went on to find that Unidisc had failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that the ARQ reassessment (allocating all of the property value to the intangible rights) was incorrect, stating (at para. 34):

Respondent took an all or nothing position, leading no evidence as to a possible division or allocation of the value between the tangible and intangible property. Although the physical master tapes would have some value apart from the associated bundle of rights, perhaps even considerable worth, there is no evidence upon which to base an allocation between the tangible and intangible aspects of the purchased assets.

In finding that somewhat limited evidence of the taxpayer (“AgraCity“) was sufficient to reverse CRA transfer pricing adjustments, Boyle J stated (at paras. 104-105, 117-118):

…[N]ever in my experience has the Hickman Motors initial onus /prima facie/demolish assumptions/shifting burden gloss on the civil balance of probabilities standard been necessary or particularly helpful. … I applaud all efforts to have it reviewed and would favour an outcome that simply applies the ordinary civil burden and onus of the balance of probabilities standard in the Tax Court in the same manner as that standard applies in all other non-criminal trials in Canadian courts.

That said, I am mindful that the Hickman Motors approach is expressly grounded in even earlier decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, and that the Supreme Court of Canada has never clearly and expressly reviewed its Hickman Motors decision... .

I conclude that the Appellant has met its initial onus to “demolish” the Respondent’s assumptions as set out … in Hickman Motors and … in House. …

I can add that, even if Justice Webb’s arguably more attractive, fair and equitable approach to burden of proof and onus with respect to tax appeals in Sarmadi and Eisbrenner were the approach required or chosen to be applied, I would also find for the Appellant. The taxpayer has provided credible, unchallenged, uncontested and unrefuted expert evidence based on available data that confirms the amount reported by AgraCity as its profit over the costs of its services to NewAgco Barbados was well within the somewhat rough, but in my view acceptable, range of what an arm’s length service provider might have enjoyed in circumstances similar to what I have found to be the transactions between NewAgco Barbados and AgraCity.

The taxpayer’s eligibility for Canada child tax benefit for his son turned primarily on whether he qualified as the “eligible individual” for that child. The Crown pleaded that in the periods in question, the taxpayer “was not the parent primarily responsible for the care and upbringing of [the child],” i.e., it simply quoted from the relevant portion of the statutory definition of “eligible individual,” and did not refer to how any of the eight factors listed in Reg. 6302 for determining such primary responsibility applied, with the exception of a brief reference to a divorce judgment.

Russell J considered this pleading to be deficient, and found that, given that there was not much of a burden on the taxpayer regarding his “eligible individual” status, somewhat fluffy and poorly substantiated testimony of the taxpayer was sufficient to establish that the taxpayer so qualified for various periods in issue (other than those as to which the taxpayer had effectively conceded.)

The taxpayer was assessed under s. 160 regarding a transfer of property in 2003 to it by an affiliate which was alleged to have unpaid taxes for its 2000 year. St-Hilaire J stated (at para. 12):

I am of the view that the Appellant has the burden of proving that the underlying assessment is incorrect.

The taxpayers terminated life insurance policies for personal purposes, and were ultimately reassessed to include in their income the gross amounts received by them. The Minister’s Reply stated that the assumptions made by the Minister included that the amounts so received “were the net proceeds after the subtraction of the Appellant’s adjusted cost basis with respect to the Policies.”

After noting (at para. 14) that “In order for the Minister to assess a policyholder under … subsection 148(1)… the “adjusted cost basis” of the policy to the policyholder immediately before its disposition must be determined by applying the formula set out in subsection 148(9),” Spiro J stated (at para 25):

The courts have consistently held that unless the Minister’s assumptions of fact are sufficient to support the assessment under the relevant legislation, the onus does not shift to the taxpayer.

In allowing the taxpayers’ appeals, notwithstanding that they had not tender any probative evidence, he then stated (at paras. 34-36):

The bald assertion in paragraph 9(d) of the Reply that the amounts received by Mr. Andersen were net of the “adjusted cost basis” of each policy is grossly inadequate. It fails to satisfy the minimum requirement that the Minister must assume sufficient facts to lead to taxation under the relevant statutory provisions.

…[T]he amount included in computing the income of each Appellant … was simply an amount equal to the “proceeds of the disposition” of each policy… .

The onus never shifted to the Appellants to disprove the Minister’s assumption about the “adjusted cost basis” of each policy immediately before its disposition because the Minister never made any such assumption.

Before going on to find that the appellant (Lohas) had met its burden of establishing that the buyers of iPhones that it then exported were not resellers to it of the iPhones, but acted as agents of Lohas in purchasing the iPhones, D’Auray J stated (at paras. 36-37):

I agree with Justice Webb’s comments in Sarmadi and Justice Owen’s in Morrison. The persuasive burden relating to the correctness of an assessment should not shift between the taxpayer and the Minister with respect to facts that are within the knowledge of the taxpayer. As in any civil case, once the evidence is heard, the judge must make a determination as to whether, on a balance of probabilities, the taxpayer has met the burden of proof.

However, given that the test set out … in Hickman ... is still applied by the Courts. I will apply it in this appeal. I should note that my decision would be no different had I applied the approach set out by Justice Webb in Sarmadi and Justice Owen in Morrison.

She went on to find (at para. 46) that Lohas did not have the burden of disproving a pleaded assumption of the Minister that Apple “was not aware” that the buyers were purchasing iPhones to resell them to Lohas, stating that:

[T]he Minister cannot plead as an assumption a fact that the taxpayer could not reasonably be expected to either prove or disprove. Therefore, this assumption does not benefit from the presumption of correctness.

The taxpayers (a husband and wife) received payments from a corporation that had been reassessed for its 2005 to 2007 taxation years and had not objected thereto. Their only ground of appeal to s. 160 assessments was that these “underlying” reassessments were incorrect.

D’Auray J quoted (at para. 22) the principle in Mignardi that

where the facts concerning the underlying reassessments are exclusively or peculiarly within the knowledge of the Minister, the onus will shift to the Minister to show the correctness of the underlying reassessments

before finding that the onus was on the Minister to demonstrate the correctness of the underlying reassessments for the 2005 and 2006 years. This was so because the taxpayers did not have access to the corporate records for those years, whereas CRA had been given such documents and then lost them. The Minister failed to discharge this onus.

However, for the 2007 year, no audit was performed and the Minister reassessed solely on the basis of the information contained in the corporate tax returns. Thus, the onus instead was on the taxpayers to demonstrate that this reassessment was incorrect, which they failed to do.

Since the amount of this underlying reassessment for 2007 was greater than the amount of the two payments made to the taxpayers, their s. 160 assessments were upheld.

One of the taxpayers (“Eisbrenner”) participated in the “CHT Program” under which they or other clients would make a cash donation to a registered charitable foundation (Foundation A) , apply to be considered as a potential Class A beneficiary of CHT, which was a trust, CHT would then distribute certificates to the successful applicant supposedly representing entitlements to pharmaceuticals, and the client would donate those certificates to a registered charitable foundation.

Eisbrenner had minimal knowledge of how the CHT Program worked, and submitted that since he did not have knowledge of most of the factual matters assumed by the Minister, as a matter of procedural fairness he should not be required to demolish such assumptions and the Minister should instead bear the burden of proof with respect to them.

Before turning to this question, Owen J took up the invitation of Stratas JA in Sarmadi for the Tax Court to provide its insights on the views expressed by Webb JA in that case on the burden of proof, and then essentially agreed with those views. He noted (at para. 88) that Johnston, [1948] S.C.R. 486, had not said “anything about … the shifting of the persuasive burden to the Minister,” that this was “explained by the fact that only one party can bear the persuasive burden in respect of an issue such as the correctness of an assessment” and that comments of L’Heureux Dubé J in Hickman to a different effect “were obiter dicta” (para. 93).

Turning then to the above submission of Eisbrenner, Owen J stated (at paras 118, 119 and 120):

The Appellants consciously chose to participate in the Programs with little or no knowledge of what went on behind the curtain, so to speak. In such circumstances, it is not unfair to the Appellants to allow the Minister to assume what went on behind the curtain.

… By participating in the Programs without further inquiry, the Appellants accepted the risk that the facts behind the curtain were not what they expected them to be.

I therefore conclude that the Minister’s assumptions of fact … are to be taken as true … and that in accordance with the principles stated in House, the taxpayer must present at least a prima facie case to demolish those assumptions of fact. …

As Eisbrenner was unable to do so with respect to the donation by him of the certificates, the denial by the Minister of charitable credits for their donation was confirmed.

A taxpayer (Stamatopoulos) serviced clothing manufacturers by securing sewing services for clothes that then were delivered to the manufacturer. He checked the GST and QST registration numbers of the subcontractors and paid the invoices delivered in their name to him once he, in turn, had been paid by the manufacturer. The QST paid by him was not remitted by the subcontractors, and the ARQ position was that he was not entitled to input tax refunds because the persons in whose names the invoices were issued were not the persons who had actually rendered the sewing services to him.

In confirming the position below that the invoices received by Stamatopoulos satisfied the documentary requirements for claiming ITRs, Marcotte JCA proceeded on the basis (at para. 54) that:

[W]here the taxpayer has discharged the taxpayer’s initial burden of proving that the invoices in fact were issued by a person with whom the taxpayer dealt directly in a genuine commercial transaction, it then falls on the tax authorities to prove, on the balance of probabilities, that the person with whom the taxpayer dealt directly did not act as a “supplier” or as an “intermediary.”

The ARQ had not met this onus.

After noting that proof of the requirement in s. 227.1(2)(a) was normally demonstrated by the deposit of the certificate for the delinquent amount and of "a writ of seizure and sale or a report of the default by the bailiff (para. 29)" Ouimet J noted that since the Crown had done none of this, the taxpayer’s appeal was allowed. It did not matter that the taxpayer had failed to put this failure in issue in his pleadings, as the onus was on the Crown throughout to demonstrate compliance with s. 227.1(2).

After stating (at para. 16) that s. 1014 of the Taxation Act (similar to ITA) “provides that the burden of proof rests on the taxpayer who contests a notice of assessment,” the Court affirmed that finding below that it would not change such burden on the taxpayer if the ARQ auditor instigating the assessment under appeal would receive a resulting bonus, the Court stated (at para. 20, TaxInterpretations translation):

The judge did not err in affirming that the burden on the appellant cannot be reversed on the sole basis of proof of a bonus system related to the audit process. Such proof would not demonstrate error in the facts on which the respondent relied in making such assessments and would thus not constitute prima facie proof of the incorrectness of the notice of assessment.

After stating (at para. 67) that "assumptions of law or mixed fact and law are not binding on this Court," Lamarre ACJ stated (at para. 73):

The Respondent must now cope with assumptions of mixed fact and law in her reply that are for all intents and purposes ineffective in placing on the Appellant the burden of proving that its investments in the Funds were portfolio investments... .

The taxpayer's employer, General Motors, frequently assigned new vehicles to its executives and senior managers, the taxpayer included, in order to promote the vehicles and identify shortcomings in the models. The Minister authorized GM in 1982 to use a simplified method for calculating the value of employee benefits, which was meant to approximate the value of the personal use for the vehicles. Since then, s. 6(1)(k) was enacted, setting out the formula applicable to the taxpayer's situation.

In affirming that the Minister could assess the taxpayer for 2008-2009 for an imputed benefit under s. 6(1)(k) on a basis contrary to the authorization, Woods J dismissed the taxpayer's argument that, because the authorized method dispensed with detailed record keeping, the Minister should have the onus of proving the cost of the vehicles, and the kilometers driven for personal use. This argument relied on the authorization being valid for the relevant taxation years, and Woods J had already found it wasn't - see summary under General Concepts - Estoppel.

Regarding the taxpayer's further argument that the Minister's assumptions were "arbitrary, capricious, and not founded in any facts," Woods J stated (at para. 58):

I agree with Mr. Szymczyk that the assumed facts are partly arbitrary, but this is not a reason for the Crown to bear the burden of proof. The burden of proof with respect to pleaded assumptions is placed on taxpayers because the facts are usually within the taxpayers' knowledge or control.

However, the taxpayer's appeal with respect to the Minister's assessment of an imputed benefit under ss. 6(1)(e) and 6(2) was allowed as the taxpayer was delivered a new vehicle every three months, the Minister's assumption that the taxpayer had 20,004 kilometers per year of personal use did not recognize that "the legislation requires that personal use be calculated separately for the periods that each automobile was made available" (para. 70), and no evidence as to actual personal use was advanced.

Respecting an alleged faulty Reply of the Minister, C Miller J stated obiter (at para. 32):

If a reply is faulty by pleading law as an assumption, that does not somehow relieve me of my responsibility to consider evidence upon which I am to reach my own conclusion with respect to the law. It does, however, relieve the Appellant from having to demolish that assumption, but it does not allow the Appellant to simply step back and not enter a case. Perhaps this could be an approach where the only assumptions made by the Respondent are assumptions of law.

The appellant contended that he had resigned as director in 2006, so that an assessment under s. 227.1(1) in 2010 was out of time. The Minister alleged that the appellant's notice of resignation was backdated. In the course of her decision, Campbell J rejected the taxpayer's argument that, because fraudulent backdating is an "improbable" or "grave" allegation, the Minister faced a heightened onus. The allegation was not especially improbable but, even if it were, the only burden of proof in the civil context is the balance of probabilities. There are various comments in the caselaw about exercising "greater care" where there are serious or dubious allegations. These comments do not establish a heightened onus, but rather acknowledge that improbable allegations will, by their very nature, need clearer proof in order to meet the balance of probabilities (para. 24).

However, the Minister had not pleaded backdating - only that the appellant had continued as a director – nor did she plead lack of due diligence. Accordingly, explanations of the appellant which were plausible were sufficient to demolish the Minister's assumptions notwithstanding that "in all likelihood, the Appellant backdated the Resignation" (para. 45).

The appellant ("Health Quest") distributed footwear for the relief of various disabling conditions of the foot.. The Minister reassessed the taxpayer on the basis that many of the shoes sold were not zero-rated supplies under s. 24.1 of Part II of Schedule VI of the ETA. The Minister's pleadings stated that the appellant made zero-rated supplies of footwear "which were specially modified...or were specially designed...for persons with physical disabilities," and then stated:

the Appellant also supplied other products which were not zero-rated pursuant to Schedule VI of the Act; and

during the periods under appeal, the Appellant failed to collect tax of not less than $42,274.72 on its supply of products which were not zero-rated pursuant to Schedule VI of the Act.

Campbell J found that, as these were not assumptions of fact but rather of mixed fact and law, the Minister was not entitled to rely on them (as per Anchor Pointe). The Minister was not otherwise able to prove that s. 24.1 did not apply, so that Health Quest's appeal was allowed.

The taxpayer failed to report $683 of income for 2008 and $436,890 for 2009. The 2009 income was not subject to a s. 163(1) penalty if the taxpayer established a due diligence defence for 2008. (See summary under s. 163(1).)

Graham J found that the taxpayer prima facie established due diligence for 2008 in showing the steps he took to prepare his return and by demonstrating that the unreported amount was tiny. The taxpayer's 2007 return contained a similar omission to the 2008 return, which might have thrown the diligence for the 2008 return into question. However, although the taxpayer could not recall when he received the 2007 reassessment, his prima facie proof had shifted the onus to the Minister to show that the taxpayer had likely received his 2007 assessment early enough to put him on guard when preparing his 2008 return, which the Minister had not done. It was "not sufficient for the [Minister] to simply speculate what may have occurred and then sit back and wait for Mr. Galachiuk to prove otherwise" (para. 19).

In the course of successfully demonstrating that a franchise agreement and related arrangements with a Barbados corporation reflected a genuine business (see summary under s. 3), the taxpayer argued that the Minister's failure to disclose her assumptions in the notice of assessment meant that she should not be entitled to rely on them.

Bédard J disagreed. The assumptions were not disclosed until 21 months later, in the Minister's reply to the taxpayer's notice of appeal. However, Orly Automobiles establishes that a delay is not a basis in itself for shifting the burden away for the taxpayer.

Moreover, there had been no prejudice to the taxpayer, who had correctly guessed the basis for reassessment and had filed his appeal accordingly.

The taxpayer simultaneously sought to rebut the Minister's assumptions relating to its appeal and to claim privilege over documents closely related to those assumptions. Rip CJ stated (at para. 20):

Counsel is entitled to vigorously challenge the evidence of the taxpayer by cross-examination. A taxpayer claiming privilege in cross-examination on matters he or she leads in examination-in-chief, thus limiting the cross-examination, must consider possible consequences. A taxpayer claiming privilege who wishes to shift the onus must still make a case that will survive cross-examination.

Hershfield J found that the Minister's affidavit was inadequate to establish under s. 244(10) that the taxpayer's Notice of Objection had been filed after the applicable deadline, chiefly because the affidavit dealt with the wrong tax centre. The Minister's affidavit was based on the timestamp for the Notice's arrival at the Burnaby-Fraser Tax Services Office, rather than the tax centre in Surrey, BC where the taxpayer had sent the Notice. The taxpayer's own testimony as to the mailing date was credible. Hershfield J therefore granted the taxpayer's application to extend the time to file a Notice of Objection.

In reaching this conclusion, Hershfield J noted that the situation was analogous to Carcone, which dealt with a Notice of Assessment. Hershfield J stated (at para. 27):

The onus is not different in regard to the date of receipt of a notice of objection. Only the CRA would be possessed of such information.

The Minister assessed the appellant for director's liability in respect of a corporation that had not remitted net tax for reporting periods ending on and after July 1, 2000. The appellant had been excluded by the franchisor of the corporation's business from any input into the financial affairs of the corporation after October 2001, and from any involvement at all after July 2002. The applicant had no access to the corporation's records, and CRA would not provide any background as to how it had computed the corporation's liability. Paris J found that this was sufficient to shift onto the Minister the burden of proving the correctness of the corporation's assessment, and that this burden had not been discharged.

Webb J found that the obligation of the Minister to take unclaimed input tax credits into account in an HST audit under s. 296(2) of the Excise Tax Act extends to unclaimed ITCs that arose before the normal limitations period for claiming ITCs (see summary under s. 296(2)).

In the course of his reasons, Webb J noted that the Minister was not entitled to rely on gaps in the appellant's documentation, because the Minister had not made any assumptions regarding documentation, and the only evidence on that point indicated that there was documentation.

Webb J. found that the taxpayer was successful in demolishing the Minister's assumptions relating to the proceeds of disposition of two properties. The taxpayer's evidence that she received $320,000 for one property rather than $340,000 was corroborated by testimony from the purchaser, and from the lawyer who handled the transaction.

On the second property, the taxpayer contended that her alleged $650,000 of proceeds were actually $550,000, based on a $100,000 promissory note that was never paid. Webb J. accepted the taxpayer's testimony, also corroborated by the lawyer, that the $100,000 was linked to rezoning the property, that no rezoning was done, and consequently no payment on the note was received or pursued. Accordingly, the $100,000 note was not consideration for the property.

Webb J. found that it was improper for the Minister to assume that investments which the taxpayer acquired with RRSP funds were not qualified investments. Whether something is a qualified investment is a mixed question of fact and law, and the Minister should have assumed the facts necessary to support that conclusion. Moreover, the conclusions themselves were vague - it was unclear precisely which investments were thought not to be qualified investments. Given the finding that no assumptions had been made, there was no onus on the taxpayer to demolish any assumptions, and the Minister's reassessment was vacated.

The taxpayers' former counsel had reached a settlement agreement with the Minister, which the taxpayers argued had not been authorized by them. In the course of finding that the settlement agreement was in fact authorized and should be enforced, D'Auray J. stated (at para. 26):

Whether a mandate was given by the appellants to settle their appeals is a question of fact. The respondent has the burden of establishing the existence of the mandate.

The taxpayer was the sole shareholder and director of Internorth Limited ("IL") and a majority shareholder and director of Internorth Construction Company ("ICC"). ICC ran a construction business, and IL was incorporated to manage ICC. The minister assessed the taxpayer for unremitted source deductions, in his capacity only as director of IL, in respect of salaries and wages paid to ICC employees. After noting that IL had neither the financial resources nor backing to pay ICC's employees without reimbursement from ICC, Webb J. stated (at para. 51):

Since the Respondent made the assumption that ICC did not reimburse IL, the Appellant did not have to challenge this assumption but could rely on it to dispute the other assumption that IL paid the employees of ICC.

The taxpayer's reliance on this assumption, along with IL's and ICC's financial records which recorded all the salaries as being paid by ICC, led Webb J. to find that the taxpayer had made a prima facie case to demolish the Minister's key assumptions in the case, which the Minister did not subsequently meet the onus of proving.

Webb J. quashed the Minister's motion to dismiss the taxpayer's appeal from assessments under the Income Tax Act and Excise Tax Act, even though the taxpayer had failed to prosecute the appeals with due dispatch (he did not even appear at the hearing for this motion). Because the Minister was seeking to impose penalties under s. 163(2) of the ITA and s. 285 of the ETA, the burden remained with the Minister to prove that penalties were warranted. The taxpayer's inaction was not enough to support an inference that penalties were no longer in issue.

The Minister disallowed a number of the taxpayer's expenses allegedly connected to his dentistry practice so as to reduce the taxpayer's profit margin to the Canadian average. McArthur J. stated (at para. 35) that this was not acceptable because a reassessment cannot ignore the taxpayer's individual circumstances. He also stated (at para. 36):

The appellant clearly demolished [with documentary evidence] the Minister's assumptions , on which he had based himself in disallowing the expenses in issue. The appellant has prima facie shown that the majority of the expenses has been incurred for the purpose of earning an income and that they had not been claimed twice. The burden of proof has thus shifted to the respondent.

As the Minister had not introduced evidence to discharge that burden, the taxpayer's appeal was allowed.

The Minister disallowed the taxpayer's deduction of certain legal expenses. The only documentary evidence provided by the taxpayer as to the nature of the legal services were the accounts of the firm stating only "For Legal Services Rendered." In response to a Crown submission that, in order for the taxpayer to discharge the onus on it to establish deductibility of the fees, it was required to provide its complete legal file, Campbell J stated (at para. 21):

The Court will require descriptions of the tasks undertaken by the lawyers, and the amounts charged for those tasks. In most cases, the Court will not, and should not, require the Appellant to reveal items such as complete legal advice memoranda, unexecuted drafts of contracts, or details of its discussions with counsel... .

In response to a submission of the Crown in the alternative that some limited testimony of a lawyer from the firm on behalf of the taxpayer engaged the doctrine of implied waiver of privilege, Campbell J. found (at para. 24) that, in general, "the concerns of fairness and consistency operate to prevent litigants from relying on parts of privileged communication while using the privilege to shield others." However, in the case of an appeal from a reassessment, the taxpayer is effectively forced by the Minister to reveal privileged information. On that basis, Campbell J. stated (at para. 27):

I accept that, in general, it is problematic to allow a litigant to pick and choose the privileged information to be disclosed. However, in this context it is both fair and reasonable to expect a taxpayer to reveal enough information to satisfy the Court and CRA as to the nature of the legal expense, while keeping the specifics of the lawyer's advice confidential.

The taxpayers refused to produce their documents before the Minister filed its Notices of Assessment, but did produce them after filing their Notices of Appeal. The documents differed in some respects from the facts assumed in the assessment, and the Minister altered his assumed facts for the appeal accordingly.

Jorré J. found that the onus was still on the taxpayer to disprove the new assumptions even though they were made after the confirmation of assessment. At para. 29: "It would be illogical if the effect of these assumptions of fact, which were made after the Notices of Appeal were filed and which lessen the appellant's burden, actually shifted the burden of proving [the disputed expense] amount to the Minister."

Sharlow, J. A. noted (at para. 52) that as the Minister had assessed the taxpayer under s. 87(4) on the basis that shares received by it on an amalgamation had a nil fair market value, the onus would have shifted to the Minister to establish the fair market value of those shares if the taxpayer had argued that the judge should take judicial notice of the fact that, under the terms of the shares received, they presumably would have had a fair market value of greater than nil.

The Minister assessed the taxpayer under s. 153(1) of the Income Tax Act and the taxpayer filed a Notice of Objection under the Canada Pension Plan Act, believing the assessments relate to Canada Pension Plan matters. The Minister's motion to dismiss the appeal for being brought under the wrong Act was dismissed given that the Minister had put forward no assumptions of fact to support the reassessment either in the Minister's reply or at the hearing, and in light of the procedural delays and difficulties the taxpayer (who was self-represented) had encountered.

Given that the Crown had not made any assumptions of fact as to what portion of the reimbursement amounts made by the taxpayer were on account of capital, and had not lead any evidence on such allocation, the Crown had failed to satisfy the onus of proof on it and the deduction of the amounts under paragraph 8(1)(f) could not be denied on this basis.

In finding that all of the fee paid by the taxpayer should be treated as deductible under paragraph 20(1)(dd), Hershfield J. stated (at para. 23):

"Still, had the Respondent raised an allocation issue I would have been prepared to deal with it on the basis that some part of the amount paid was not for a site investigation. The burden of proof in respect of such issue would arguably fall on the Respondent since no specific assumptions were made as to what the services provided were. However, not only did Respondent's counsel not pursue the issue of allocation, she also made it clear at the hearing that there was no alternate position being taken by the Respondent as to that possibility. Further, there was no alternative argument made as to the reasonableness of the expenditure as a site investigation expenditure."

The wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary of the taxpayer accumulated a large balance owing to the taxpayer as a result of its purchase of paint inventory over the years. In the taxation year in question, the subsidiary was in financial difficulty. MacArthur J. found that the taxpayer had shown that the "liquidation" method (under which an allowance for doubtful accounts was deducted equal to the difference between the amount owing and the net realizable value of the subsidiary's assets) was a reasonable method for computing the allowance, and that the burden then shifted to the Crown, who failed to provide any evidence as to why the liquidation approach was not acceptable.

The Reply of the Crown to the taxpayer's Notice of Appeal with respect to an assessment that treated losses the taxpayer sustained in securities trading as being on capital account, referred only to the assumption of the Minister as to the amount of the non-capital losses sustained by the taxpayer. Bowman C.J. indicated (p. 29) that this was "a totally inadequate pleading" and that he "might have been prepared to entertain a motion to allow the appeal because the reply cast no onus on the appellant to rebut any assumptions and it asserts no new facts that would support the assessment".

The Minister originally had reassessed the taxpayer on the basis that it was entitled to claim a deduction in respect of the fair market value of seismic data equal to the data's fair market value, and then confirmed the notice of reassessment on the basis that the expenditures in question did not qualify as Canadian exploration expense. Bowman C.J. found that the taxpayer did not have the onus of disproving new "assumptions" made by the Minister at the time of issuing the notice of confirmation.

The evidence of the field auditor indicated that an assumption pleaded by the Minister had not in fact been in his mind at the time of assessing. Given that the Minister did not make this assumption, the taxpayer was relieved of the burden of "demolishing" this assumption.

After finding that the taxpayer was not subject to the self-supply rule in s. 191(1) of the Excise Tax Act (because the taxpayer was not a builder), Campbell J. went on to indicate that he would have rejected an argument of the Crown (respecting the application of s. 191(1) had it applied) that the Minister's determination of fair market value would be required to be accepted because the taxpayer had failed to adduce evidence to the contrary and therefore had not met the onus which was upon him (pp. 1708-1709):

"Although the onus is upon an Appellant to demolish assumptions, an Appellant cannot be expected to meet that onus where those assumptions are based on the incorrect interpretation of any relevant statutory provision."

Here, the Minister had based his determination of fair market value on the date of sale of the property, which occurred two and a half years after the time of supposed application of the self-supply rule.

In the course of an appeal regarding input tax credits, the taxpayer argued that, having failed to disclose assumptions at or prior to the time of the taxpayer's assessment, the Minister was not entitled to rely on those assumptions.

Létourneau JA found no statutory basis for shifting the burden of proof to the Minister in the circumstances. He stated (at para. 15):

It seems to us that, in the vast majority of cases, the appropriate remedy is the seeking and compelling of disclosure. We cannot imagine the taxpayer being refused an extension of the time ... to amend a pending appeal or to file an appeal or a notice of objection when disclosure of the assumptions of facts and law has been [meaningfully delayed].

After noting an ambiguous statement of assumptions in the Minister's pleadings, Bowman C.J. stated (at p. 1071):

"Where assumptions (or for that matter any other assertion in a pleading) are pleaded in an ambiguous way, I think the benefit of any doubt arising from the ambiguity should be resolved in favour of the other party."

After agreeing with counsel for the taxpayer that a taxpayer has met the onus to demolish the assumptions of fact made by the Minister if the taxpayer makes out a prima facie case, Archambault J. stated (at p. 2615) that the prima facie evidence adduced by the taxpayer must be credible and that it is for the judge to make an overall assessment of the weight of the evidence introduced by both sides and to come to a conclusion, on a balance of probabilities, as to whether a case has been made by the taxpayer.

Bowman A.C.J. stated (at p. 759):

"If the court sees many more instances of pleading incomplete, inaccurate or misleading assumptions we may have to reconsider the whole matter of pleading assumptions and the reverse onus and require the Crown at least to prove that the assumptions were made."

and then went on to indicate (at p. 760) that the assumptions in question were those that were made in connection with the assessment, not the confirmation.

The taxpayer carried on a brewery business as agent for its parent. Before going on to find that a transaction in which the taxpayer and another brewery company ("Carling O'Keefe") transferred the assets of their brewery businesses to a partnership should be characterized for federal sales tax purposes as a transaction in which each sold 50% of its respective assets to the other while retaining 50% of its respective assets itself, Pinaird J. stated (at para. 12) that:

"Partnerships cannot own property independently of their partner; instead, partnership property is owned by the partners in a form of co-ownership whereby each partner owns a share of the property which is proportionate to that partner's share of the partnership; and ... a partner cannot be a creditor or a debtor of the partnership."

After noting that the Minister had pleaded "boiler plate" assumptions, Bowman A.C.J. stated (at p. 1275):

"The entire system developed in our courts relating to assumptions and onus of proof is in jeopardy if the respondent does not set out the actual assumptions on which the assessment is based with complete candour, fairness and honesty."

Bowman T.C.J. indicated that the onus put on a taxpayer to challenge an assessment of the Crown did not apply where the Minister imposed a penalty:

"It is contrary to the most fundamental precepts of the law and of ordinary procedural fairness that a government should be entitled to impose a penalty and then sit back and say to its subject: 'Show why you should not be penalized'. It is particularly indefensible where the facts upon which the penalty is imposed - in this case the alleged late receipt of a remittance - are entirely within the Minister's possession."

After referring to Johnston v. MNR, [1948] S.C.R. 486, Bowman A.C.J. stated (at p. 133):

"Rand, J. spoke of 'demolishing' the basic fact upon which the taxation rested. The term 'demolish' is somewhat infelicitous in that in connotes a wholesale annihilation of the factual underpinning of the assessment and a concomitantly high standard of proof. The standard is a civil one and requires proof on a balance of probabilities. A prima facie case suffices if it is unrebutted."

Given that the matter in controversy (whether a program had been financed with a federal appropriation) was a matter that could be much more readily ascertained by the Crown than the taxpayer, very little affirmative evidence was required of the taxpayer to satisfy the standard of proof.

Revenue Canada originally assessed the taxpayer on the assumption that the taxpayer was not dealing at arm's length with another entity ("Trilogy") but later issued a notice a confirmation on the basis that s. 7(1)(b) applied to the taxpayer. That provision could apply only if the taxpayer was dealing at arm's length with Trilogy. The pleadings of the Minister did not deal with the arm's length question.

Bowman TCJ. found that the taxpayer could rely upon an unpleaded assumption in support of his case (the existence of a non-arm's length relationship) and that unless the Crown established that the assumption was wrong and that there were new facts that supported the assessment on a different basis, the taxpayer should succeed. In any event, the Crown had the onus of establishing any new ground advanced by it to support the assessment, and it had not met that onus.

Before going on to find that the Crown had failed to provide admissible evidence that the taxpayer's appeal to the Tax Court was out of time, Bowman J. stated (p. 1014):

"If the Attorney General seeks to strike out an appeal from an assessment on the ground that the taxpayer has failed to meet the required time limit, she must establish on the basis of clear and admissible evidence that, following a notice of objection, the Minister either confirmed the assessment or reassessed and that the notification of confirmation or notice of reassessment was sent to the taxpayer by registered mail on a particular date and that no appeal was filed within 90 days thereof. On such a motion the copy of the notification of confirmation or notice of reassessment and the proof of registration and date of mailing should be properly put in evidence."

The onus was on the Minister to adduce evidence of the proper apportionment to be made, respecting an "affiliation fee" paid by the taxpayer to a non-resident association, as to the part of the payment representing a royalty for purposes of s. 212(1)(d), and that part which was not subject to withholding tax. Because no separation had been made, the taxpayer succeeded in full.

In his Reply to the Appeal of the taxpayer from a reassessment which had disallowed a deduction of $70,000 for a donation which the taxpayer had made to a charitable foundation (the "Mocus Foundation") the Minister pleaded that the gift had not been made to a registered charity and, in the alternative, put the taxpayer "to the strict proof of the timing and value of the gift to Mocus Foundation." Taylor, J. was satisfied that the disputed assessment was struck and confirmed on the basis only of the Minister's understanding that the Mocus Foundation was not a registered charity. Since the valuation question was not considered or raised by the Minister until later, the onus respecting value was on the Minister. As the Crown had not adduced any valuation evidence, the taxpayer's appeal was allowed.

At 1211:

"... the appellant is in the same position as any other appellant. He must shew that the impeached assessment is an assessment which ought not to have been made; that is to say, he must establish facts upon which it can be affirmatively asserted that the assessment was not authorized by the taxing statute, or which bring the matter into such state of doubt that on the principles alluded to, the liability of the appellant must be negatived."